Bipolar Disorder And Mental Disorders - 1249 Words

Bipolar Disorder, also known as manic/depressive disorder once was a disorder that carried a severe societal stigmatism. It now has carries less stigmatism but is a disorder which has become difficult to diagnosis and extremely prevalent in today’s society. Due to the manic characteristic of the disorder it differentiates itself from the typical form of depression. Even though both depression and bipolar disorder can be due to an imbalance in brain chemistry and biology, genetics, or effected by traumatic stressors that happen in daily life, bipolar disorder has definitive treatment which applies solely to this specific disorder. Bipolar Disorder, as noted in the 2010 Global Burden of Disease Study, is ranked Internationally as the 18th†¦show more content†¦These patient’s impairment is noticeable in social and work environments. The diagnosis of BD-II patients must have a history of hypomania and major depression. The diagnosis of cyclothymic disorder is given when hypomania symptoms are present but the depression present has not met the criteria needed to be considered a depressive episode. When the hypomanic and depressive symptoms both don’t meet the specific diagnostic elements a diagnosis of bipolar disorder not otherwise specified is given. It is the mania end of the spectrum in which bipolar disorder can be diagnosed adequately. Mania can be described as an elevation in mood that causes an impairment in normal functioning with the condition persisting for a minimum of 7 days. Hypomania is also an elevation of mood but without the characteristics of an impairment in normal functions, the condition persisting for a minimum of 4 days or less. Individuals who have experienced one episode of mania are diagnosed with Bipolar Disorder I (BD-I) and individuals who experience hypomania are diagnosed with Bipolar Disorder II (BD-II). The term bipolar was first used in 1957 by Leonhard7 for disorders comprising both manic and depressive symptoms. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders (DSM) in 1980 replaced the manic depression term

In Recent Years, The Prevalence Of Autism Spectrum Disorder

In recent years, the prevalence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has increased greatly (Nevison 2014). For example, in 2000 the Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring (ADDM) Network estimated about 1 in 150 children had ASD. Six years later in 2006, the prevalence increased to about 1 in every 110 children and then most recently in 2012 to 1 in 68 children. According to the CDC (2008) autism is the fastest-growing developmental disability. With the growing prevalence of autism, the society has been impacted in several ways. For example, the its prevalence has allowed for increases in advocacy, data collection and overall greater acceptance and understanding for autism spectrum disorder. To begin, the increasing prevalence of†¦show more content†¦For example, Grandin designed facilities that half the cattle in the United States are handled in today (2012). Another self-advocate is Owen Suskind. Owen’s story is portrayed in the movie Life, Animated. As show n in the movie, Owen also shares his story in conferences and speeches with people so they can better understand life with autism. For Owen, he did not communicate until him and his family used Disney animated films as a baseline for life events (2016). His story is interesting and inspiring because it shows how life can be taught in several ways and everyone’s point of view of it will vary. I enjoyed learning about his progression of speech and communication throughout the film because many individuals with ASD have a similar struggle and I liked how Owen and his family overcame the obstacle in a unique way. To add as the prevalence of autism has increased there has been a greater effort in collecting data about autism and the many components that are affected by the disorder. For example, as Dr. Sheehan discussed in her lecture about data collection and analysis, it is vital to include observations and data so that you can see if your interventions are working (2017). This semester I had the opportunity to experience data collection first hand and I got to see how important it is to keep records of everything, during my internship with work relating toShow MoreRelatedAutism Spectrum Disorders Prevalence766 Words   |  3 PagesAutism Prevalence Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) refers to a group of developmental brain disorders that affect a child’s cognitive, behavioral, and social abilities (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). There are several forms of ASD that have different impairments and levels of severity. Recent research has been looking at the increased prevalence of ASD and possible causes of this increase. In attempts to determine reasons for the increased prevalence of ASD, Schieve et al. examinedRead MoreVaccinations : A Science s Greatest Feats1400 Words   |  6 Pagesscience’s greatest feats. The World Health Organization estimates that immunization prevents 2 million deaths worldwide and according to Immunize BC, â€Å"[vaccinations] have saved more lives in Canada than any other medical intervention in the past 50 years†. Vaccinations work by transmitting a small amount of germs - or parts of a germ- into the patient. These germs cause the body to create antibodies in order to rid and protect the body of the foreign intruder. The germs are consequently destroyed andRead MoreIntroduction To Autism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd )931 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction to Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) Autism have been recognized as in existence since the 1940s but only in recent years it has been recognised under the standardized psychiatric diagnostic classification schemes. It is not unusual for people with ASD to be at risk of displaying challenging behaviours which could lead to offending behaviours, however, on the other hand they can also be at lower risk as they find rules helpful in surviving in the social world. This paper will look at whatRead MoreAutism Research Paper794 Words   |  4 PagesAutism Spectrum Disorders are developmental disabilities with lifelong effects for the person. They are characterized by the repetitive behaviors exhibited by the client with social and communication deficits as well. Clients with ASDs have unusual abilities to learn, they struggle with paying attention and may react inappropriately with extreme tantrums to different sensations. ASDs include and are not limited to autistic disorder, pervasive developmental disorder, atypical aut ism and AspergerRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder And Autism1492 Words   |  6 Pageslife there are several different disorders that have been well known from many years ago. There is one disorder that was diagnosed in the early 1800’s but it wasn’t until a few years ago that it gained lots of attention. What used to be known as Autism was later renamed in the DSM to Autism Spectrum Disorder meaning, a neurodevelopmental disorder rather than a pervasive developmental disorder (Gargiulo, 2015). Autism spectrum disorder is a developmental disorder characterized by abnormal or impairedRead MoreAutism Is A Neurodevelopmental Disorder That Is Found To1103 Words   |  5 PagesAutism is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is found to be affecting more people every day. Autism spectrum disorder is a term used to hold many levels of autism under it from high functioning to non-verbal. To fall in the spectrum there is certain criterion that must be met part of which is a co mmon set of behavioral and cognitive impairments. These behavior impairments, much of which are restrictive and repetitive along with being too focused or channeled on one thought, idea or activity. ActingRead MoreInside Autism Spectrum Disorder Essay1715 Words   |  7 PagesAutism Spectrum Disorder is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is characterized by a number of deficits in verbal and non-verbal communication, social interaction with others, and other behaviors. Usually diagnosed in early infancy, this disorder is the most impairing and severe of the neurodevelopmental disorders. Before the publishing and release of the Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) (American Psychiatric Association, 2013), Autism Spectrum disorder could be diagnosedRead MoreIs Autism A Developmental Disorder? Essay1619 Words   |  7 PagesExploring Autism in Children Rutgers University Atypical Adolescence and Development Professor. Stevie McKenna November 2nd, 2016 Autism Abstract Autism is a developmental disorder in which an individual has problems with communication and interaction. Autism Spectrum Disorder was adopted as a categorization in 2013 and begins in childhood and follows throughout the course of a child’s life and is actually a collection of developmental brain disorders. There isRead MoreHistory of Autism, ASD, and AD1632 Words   |  7 PagesHistory of Autism, ASD, and AD Leo Kanner, a doctor at Johns Hopkins Hospital and the first self-described child-psychiatrist, first described what we now know to be autism in his 1943 paper titled, Autistic Disturbances of Affective Contact. He described a disorder similar to, but distinct from childhood schizophrenia. Autism, taken from symptoms of schizophrenia, described withdrawn symptoms or social interaction problems, and was included in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental DisordersRead MoreExploring Ways of Conceptualizing ASD in Africa1439 Words   |  6 Pagesmental disorder, but really is that enough to become a revolutionary universal tool? Table of Contents Chapter 1: INTRODUTION 1 Background of the research 1 Aims and objectives of the research 4 Research Methodology 5 CHAPTER 2: 7 DIAGNOSTIC STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS 7 The History and revisions of the DSM 8 DSM-I (1952) 8 DSM-II (1968), (1974) 9 DSM-III (1980), DSM-III-R (1987) 9 DSM-IV (1994), DSM-IV-TR (2000), 10 DSM-5 (2013); Perspective of ASD ‘Neuro-developmental Disorders’ and

Reaction Paper on Crazy by Free Essays

Ha Song Pham PSYCH 252 02/17/2012 Reaction Paper 1 on Crazy When talking about prison, one usually thinks of two kinds of people, the guards and the prisoners. But nowadays, when 16% of inmates have serious and persistent mental illness, it is not surprising to find psychiatrists working in prisons. The Miami-Dade County Pretrial Detention Center mentioned in Crazy was not an exception. We will write a custom essay sample on Reaction Paper on Crazy by or any similar topic only for you Order Now On the ninth for of Miami jail, we found mentally ill prisoners, guards, Dr. Poitier who was the chief psychiatrist of the jail, and the nurses. The medical staff and the prison officers hold opposite viewpoints about how the inmates should be treated. The great conflicts and complications between the justice system and the mental health system had made the job of the psychiatrists in prisons across the United States an extremely difficult task. Dr. Poitier and nurses on the ninth floor of Miami jail worked daily in a very unhygienic condition: â€Å"The air in C wings stinks. It is a putrefied scent, a blending of urine expectorant, persperition, excrement, blood, flatulence, and dried and discarded jailhouse food. When the jail’s antiquated air conditioning breaks down during the summer, which it often does, some officers claim C wing’s pink wall actually sweats. It’s decades of filth and grime bubbling up, rising through coat of paint†. I wonder how one could be expected to live, let alone work in a condition as such. Under such horrible conditions, I wonder how effective the doctors were doing their job. And even if they were trying to do the best they could, I don’t think the inmates’ conditions could get any better when they did not even get to live in basic living condition which has a standard level of hygiene. If the states were paying for the psychiatrists to treat the inmates, the first thing they should have thought about was the working conditions of the doctors and the living conditions of the inmates because those played a key role in the efficiency of one’s job and the recovery of one’s disorder. In addition to the poor working conditions, the medical staff were not treated well by both the officers and the inmates. The nurses got screamed at, threatened, and humiliated. In Crazy, Earley told the incident of one nurse having a prisoner toss a cup of feces and urine at her. Nevertheless, the nurse did not quit the job for she understood that she could not take anything personally at her work. Most of the nurses were women. Inmates frequently masturbated in front of them. They did not get any protection from such hazard because the state attorney thought that it was not a crime that was worth pursuing. Doctors and nurses saw inmates as patients, while officers saw them as prisoners. The officers (or correctional staff as referred to in Crazy) treated the inmates very badly when the doctors were not around. Due to the opinions that were at two extremes with each other, the efforts to help the inmates by the medical staff turned out to be useless by the poor treatment that the inmates received from the officers. On a larger scale, the psychiatrists received very little to no help from the state government. What’s more, they had to comply with the ridiculous, non-sense regulations that were originally constructed to protect the rights of the mentally ill. In Crazy, Dr. Poitier had no access to resources. The inmates were booked into jail without carrying their medical records. He had to prescribe medication based largely on what the inmates told him. Plus, he had to follow the Miami-Dade County Public Health Trust’s instruction to prescribe Risperdal first whenever possible rather than Zyprexa, which was much more expensive. He had no freedom to do his job even though he received sufficient psychiatric training, while those people at the health trust were only thinking about the â€Å"so-called† economic benefits. Civil right laws such as Baker Act prevented the doctors from forcing inmates to take medication unless they posed an imminent danger or a threat. Dr. Poitier was very disappointed by the Act. He stated that: â€Å"A person who is a chronic schizophrenic doesn’t have the full control over his thoughts. He can’t make rational decision. If you release him untreated back into the community, you aren’t protecting his civil rights. You’re condemning him to stay sick and a horrible life of suffering on the streets. † The Baker Act was particularly complex when viewing it at different angles. For psychiatrists like Dr. Poitier, it hindered them from treating the inmates. They believed that the inmates were not mentally healthy enough to make ecisions about whether or not they wanted to to treated. On the contrary, public defenders and civil rights attorney felt that they had to protect the constitutional rights of the mentally ill. But what if what the mentally ill chose to do went against the wish of their loved ones, and negatively affected community. â€Å"Acting crazy is not a choice†. The men tally ill didn’t choose to be crazy. I couldn’t help but wonder what exactly these attorneys were trying to protect here. Were they trying to say protect a choice that no one wished to make? But after all, I did not experience a mental illness, which would invalidate any opinions I would have about how a mentally ill person would feel or react. In the end, there was a price to everything. One could not expect to do a thing without having to face a trade-off. The decisions should be made in a way that benefited most people as it possibly could. Even though I was fully aware that the psychiatrists in the prisons were doing their best to help the inmates, I believed it was better if they understood the job that they were doing involved more parties than them and the inmates. In Crazy, Dr. Poitier pointed out that: â€Å"My first concern is restoring this man’s mental health. But that is not the first concern of the lawyers, or of the judge who will be making this decision. This should be a medical matter, not a legal issue†. I didn’t think that was just a medical issue. Doctors alone would not be able to help the mentally ill without the support of other forces. Where would they find the resources such as medication, facilities, accommodation to assist the patients without the regulation or policy that allowed them to do so? It was never one man’s business. It took the cooperation of a whole system in order to effectively help the mentally ill who also happened to commit crime. Despite innumerable difficulties and controversies involved in their jobs, the doctors and nurses were getting paid much less than the medical staff in mainstream hospitals. For example, the nurses on the ninth floor earned an average of $2,000 per year less then their counterparts in Miami hospitals. Part of the reason was because they were recent immigrants who had received their formal qualifications in a country other than the US. Working in the section for the mentally ill in a prison was certainly not their first choice nor their second nor their third. It could be the only option that they had. However, they did not complain about their jobs. They did not go on strike. They did not sue the states for providing such little support. Instead, they were doing as much as they possible could to help the inmates. Dr. Poitier addressed inmates as â€Å"Mr. † to show them respect. He asked very common questions that a doctor usually asked a patient: â€Å"How are you feeling today? He was treating the inmates as patients who needed help, and did not care whether they were also criminals or not. For him, they were just very ill people who needed medical help. He once said: â€Å"Most mentally ill inmates do stupid things, not bad things†. Dr. Poitier believed that the inmates on the ninth floor needed help that they would not get there. I wonder if he ever felt hopeless when he knew these people needed help, and he could give help, but those two things certainly would not happen in the prison. The inmates were unable to understand that Dr. Poitier was trying to help them because of their dysfunction. Dr. Poitier was fully aware that he would not be able to do much to help the inmates because of messiness of the system and the daily conflicts between doctors and prison officers. They were stuck in a place where no one was better off. The question that baffled me the most was why they decided to stay at their jobs. There must have been something great and meaningful that made them almost irrationally continue their work. In Crazy, Dr. Poitier answered this question for me: â€Å"The inmates who end up here have been given up on. But some can and do get better. And that’s the driving force that keeps me coming to work each day – knowing I can make a difference. Knowing I do make a difference. Besides, if I didn’t do this, who would? † No matter how much trouble and confusion the job has brought, Dr. Poitier and the psychiatrists in general have managed to put their work ethics on top of everything else. Thanks to them, the mentally ill inmates get the support that keeps them through the days. Otherwise, the prison could actually become the hell hole on earth. It takes a lot of efforts in order to do good in any jobs. But for the psychiatrists in prisons across the United States, they have to go to extra lengths in order to help the mentally ill inmates. However, their efforts alone are never enough, every other force involved in the system has to do their best as well. In addition, it is importance that they all try to come to understand each other’s job and the reason behind it so that they can make the whole system work for the inmates instead of the current climate when the mentally ill are stuck in the revolving doors of the jails and the hospitals. How to cite Reaction Paper on Crazy by, Essay examples

Waensila V Minister For Immigration And Border Protection Free Sample

Question: Discuss the Report for Waensila v Minister for Immigration and Border Protection. Answer: Introduction The Department of Immigration and Border Protection or DBIP guidelines required that the applicant who is applying for subclass 820 visa for his/her partner who is an unlawful resident of the country to fulfil the criteria of at the time of lodgement of the application. This means that some the decision of visa was dependent on some compelling circumstances and if those circumstances were not met then the visa was refused. This schedule 3 policy and waivers have changed due to this case. Practical Implications Of The Case Before discussing the practical implication of the case it is essential to discuss the case. In this case the applicant is a Thailand citizen who came to Australia with a visitor visa in November of 2007. Later he applied for a protection visa and he lost the case in High count in October 2009. After almost one year in September 2010 he applied for a partner visa while he was still in Australia. But, the court ruled against the visa application as it did not fulfil the criteria of Schedule 3. The criteria was that he needed to apply for the partner visa within 28 days of holding a substantive visa and that 28 days period was over two years earlier in 2008. He showed many circumstances that would satisfy the criteria of being a compelling circumstance. This included matters stated below. He was afraid of persecution if he had to go to Thailand as he was Muslim. He feared he would not be able to meet his wife later if he went to Thailand. He also gave issues such as number of health concerns of his wife, the impact the separation will have on his relationship with his wife. He feared about the financial condition of his wife as she did not have a job and she was financially dependent on him. Even after giving all these circumstances he was denied the visa application at the time due the Schedule 3 clause. The Waensila case has potential ground breaking implications in case of immigration law. Before this case the law was the primary applicant has to be a holder of substantive visa at the time of lodging of the application[1]. In case this criterion was not met then the Schedule 3 came into effect which states that the applicant has to hold a substantive visa while applying for a substantive visa. This was only waived in case there was a compelling issue. What practically happened was the court and the tribunal considered any issues of application lodgement that came into effect at the time of review was a situation which was after the time of the lodgement of the application. So, naturally visas were not permitted through this way[2]. On 11st March, 2016 DIBP has updated the regulation regarding the time of the compelling circumstances that might have arisen. The change was that the circumstances can arise at any point of time till the date of the decision(T M, 2014). As an immediate impact of this decision some cases regarding this has gone to the applicants. One example of this is the James Tan Immigration Consultants succeeded in a case on 5th April. James Tan client did not fulfil the previous criteria for getting a visa but after the Waensila verdict it was recommended by the count that he has met all the criteria for subclass visa[3]. The decision of the court now makes it possible for the applicants to rely on circumstances which might have occurred after the application was made. That means that the number of circumstances that can be taken into account has now increased greatly. This is bound to help the applicants as they will get more options regarding proving that their circumstances are indeed compelling[4]. The change in the law also helps applicants who want to stay in Australia with their partners and families during the period when their applications are assessed by the court. That means the immigrants who have partners in Australia can easily stay in the country for a longer period of time with their families than they were able to stay before the case. One confusing this that happened on the day the Waensila verdict was made that while the full court made the decision in favour of the applicant by stating that the tribunal had made a mistake by not taking into account circumstances that have occurred after the application, on the very same day Federal Circuit court judged that the tribunal had made a mistake by taking into account circumstances that have occurred after the date of application. This happened in the case of Kaur versus the minister[5]. In the Kaur case the applicant won the decision by stating that the court has ruled against her despite the circumstances occurring after the date of application. The cases are opposite to each other and the courts practically ruled two opposite verdicts. But as the Waensila case verdict was made in the full court so that decision will have more impact in the future and it is likely if the Federal Circuit court knew about the full court decision then it would have given the verdict as per the full court[6]. While this decision has positive implications for candidates who had genuine issues regard the stringent visa laws, it has some negative implications on another front. Visa is a very important aspect of the immigration laws and a stringent law regarding this means that while some people may suffer due to this but it ensured that getting Australian visa was not easy for unlawful parties. After the change in the law, an unlawful person who has relationship with an Australian citizen can easily regularize their visa status. Before Waensila the only way they could have gotten the visa was by proving in the court about compelling reason. Now all that has changed and this could lead to some negative impact in the future. The effect of this decision by the full court is not limited to the Waensila case or the cases that might arise later on. This also greatly affects cases which have been ruled against the applicants on the ground of the time when the circumstances have arisen. Those cases will have to consider on the basis of their merit of the circumstances but it is highly likely that applicants whom did not get visa previously have a greater chance of succeeding now. So, now the court is liable to review cases which have elapsed the 35 day review period mandated by the immigration law[7]. Principles Of Statutory Interpretations There are primarily three principles or rules of statutory interpretation. They are- Literal interpretation or plain meaning rule, Golden rule which is also known as the British rule and the last one is Mischief rule[8]. In case of the plain meaning rule the statutes are interrelated by using ordinary language of the statutes. So, the statutes are read word by word and the ordinary meaning of that is taken unless the meaning comes out to be absurd or cruel. In case of Golden rule the judge interprets statutory in a more in depth way rather than just taking the literal meaning[9]. This is done in order to avoid absurd result by taking plain meaning of the statutory. The third one is Mischief rule, in this rule the court takes into account more than literal meaning and in depth meaning. The court considers which parts of the law are defective and it acts accordingly. It basically determines the defect or mischief in the statutory that is leading to some scenarios which are not properly covered by the law[10]. In the Waensila case the principle that is most applicable is the principle of Mischief rule. The law regarding immigration and visa approval was different before this case. The applicants had to apply for the visa and circumstances that have occurred after the date of application were not considered. This led to many disputes and people had to face genuine difficulties due to this law. On the other hand this law ensured that very few immigrants got visa which in turn meant that immigration situation was more controlled in Australia than many other countries. The court in this case applied the Mischief rule in giving the judgement of this case. The chief justices decided that the date of application in these types of cases cause dire consequences for the applicants and their families living in Australia. So, they interpreted what the law was not covering and they rectified it by stating that the date of application constraint will be revoked. Bibliography Boulus, P, Policy Agendas and Immigration in Australia 1996-2012. [2013]the borders of punishment Brennan, F, 'Human Rights and the National Interest: The Case Study of Asylum, Migration, and National Border Protection' [2016] HeinOnline Nethery, A; Rafferty-Brown, B, 'Exporting detention: Australia-funded immigration detention in Indonesia' [2013] Journal of Refugee Studies Faunce, T; McKenna, M, 'REGULATION OF AUSTRALIAN MEDICAL PROFESSIONALS AND NATIONAL SECURITY: LESSONS FROM THREE CASE STUDIES' [2014] NCBI Nethery; Holman, 'Secrecy and human rights abuse in Australia's offshore immigration detention centres' [2016] The International Journal of Human Rights Mares, S; Zwi, K, 'Sadness and fear: The experiences of children and families in remote Australian immigration detention' [2015] Journal of paediatrics and child health Gluck, 'What 30 Years of Chevron Teach Us About the Rest of Statutory Interpretation' [2014] Columbia Law Review Nourse, V, 'A Decision Theory of Statutory Interpretation: Legislative History by the Rules' [2012] Yale Law Journal Shobe, J, 'Intertemporal Statutory Interpretation and the Evolution of Legislative Drafting' [2014] Columbia Law Review Menjvar, C, 'Immigration law beyond borders: Externalizing and internalizing border controls in an era of securitization' [2014] Annual Review of Law and Social Science Posner, EA, 'The Institutional Structure of Immigration Law' [2013] The University of Chicago Law Review [1] See Brennan, human rights and the national interst [2] See 'Secrecy and human rights abuse in Australia's offshore immigration detention centres' [3] (Nethery Holman, 2016). [4] See the reference of(Mares Zwi, 2015) [5] Check Immigration law beyond borders: Externalizing and internalizing border controls in an era of securitization' [6] check (Boulus Dowding, 2013) [7] The reference of Posner. [8] Check statuary interpretation [9] Please check the reference of Nourse, 2012. [10] Check 'Intertemporal Statutory Interpretation and the Evolution of Legislative Drafting'

Introduction to Law Contract Essay Example

Introduction to Law Contract Essay Public, private, private members and hybrid bills are all forms of what eventually becomes primary legislation also referred to as an Act of Parliament. Like many proposed laws and law changes primary legislation starts life as a white paper, this is a statement of policy from the government. These white papers are often subject to scrutiny in the House of Commons before being introduced as a bill at the first reading. Once the bill has been introduced it will pass through both the House of Commons and the House of Lords for consideration. At the second reading it is open to debate but cannot be amended. If the bill is passed at this stage it then moves through a number of committees in the House of Commons whole house, standing and select committee. At these committees the bill can be debated and amended before moving onto the report and third reading stages. If approved at both of these stages the bill will then be presented to the Queen for Royal Assent. This is the final stage of law making and Royal Assent confirms the bill as an Act of Parliament and at this stage it becomes statute. Judges are required to apply primary legislation in court cases without exception, but can use their interpretation of the legislation where applicable. We will write a custom essay sample on Introduction to Law Contract specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Introduction to Law Contract specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Introduction to Law Contract specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Delegated legislation is a term used to describe laws and regulations made by authorised bodies or persons such as ministers or local authorities using powers bestowed on it by an Act of Parliament. Each item of delegated legislation is usually known as a statutory instrument but the Queen by Order in Council can make some delegated legislation. This is often the case in time of emergency i.e. to impose sanctions. Byelaws are made by delegated legislation but generally operate only in the locality of their creation. Delegated legislations can be challenged either in court through judicial review or as part of the defence. One of the reasons to challenge may be because the legislation is deemed to be ultra vires, or beyond the powers of the body or institution that passed the legislation originally. Judicial precedent is the process by which judges can use the decisions of previous cases as the authority for the basis of their decision, as long as there is sufficient likeness in the facts. There are some key principles that should be followed when using judicial precedent. All courts are bound to follow the decisions of a higher court. This is known as stare decisis to stand by the decided. The binding principle of judicial precedent is ratio decidendi the reason of the decision. This is a statement by the judge of the legal principles being applied in the case and it is only this statement that gives ratio decidendi. If there has been no previous precedent set then a judge may declare the law and an original precedent is set. This may then be used in later cases as the precedent. Legislation formed in the European Community comes in the form of regulations and directives made by the Council of Ministers of the EU made up of government ministers from member states or the Commission, which is made up of senior officials from the member states. EU Legislation focuses on a wide range of issues such as trade, agriculture, social policy, employment and the environment. European Union legislation drawn up by a member of the European Parliament and is proposed by the Commission before being discussed and voted on by the Parliamentary committee. Sensitive issues such as agriculture, social policy and taxation need to be agreed unanimously by the Council of Ministers in order to be passed but a system known as Quality Majority Voting is used to decide the majority of issues. Each member state has an allocation of votes according to its size and population. As long as at least half of the member states and at least half of the EU population are in agreement, the legislation can be passed. Issues decided by unanimity do not need to be agreed by the European Parliament but its advice can be sought and in some instances the legislation cannot be passed until the advice or opinion of the Parliament has been sought. The European Communities Act 1972 gives the UK governing party the ability to change existing legislation to reflect new European legislation. All of the forms of law previously mentioned are intrinsically linked in various ways. When a judge is presiding over a case in a UK court he must absolutely abide by primary legislation as this the highest form of law in the land. Coupled with this he must consider delegated legislation but the ability to challenge is available if the legislation is considered to be outside the jurisdiction of the body or institution that created the legislation in the first place. This is known as ultra vires. Depending on the level of the courts hierarchy at which the case is being heard, judicial precedent can come into effect if the material facts of the case being heard are close enough to that of a previous case in which a judgement has been set. An inferior court in the hierarchy must abide by the decision made previously if it was made in a superior court. Alternatively, if the precedent was set in an inferior court to the current one, the judge may make a new decision and this becomes the new precedent for future use. The European Communities Act 1972 gives the UK government the ability to change existing legislation to reflect new European legislation or to ensure that any areas of incompatibility are aligned. This effectively means that all European regulations and directives can be considered in a UK court of law and so sit alongside all UK legislation. Distinguish between an offer and an invitation to treat. An offer can be described as a statement by which the offeror (person making the offer) promises to be bound so long as the terms of the offer are accepted by the offeree (person accepting the offer). When an individual or a company makes an offer it can be made to another individual, a group of persons or to absolutely anyone in the world (Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co Ltd (1893)). In simple terms, an offer is predominantly in the form of a question Will you buy this item for à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½xx? A positive decision made by an individual to pay the stated price for the item results in an acceptance of the offer and therefore a contract is formed. However, this is not always the case. In some cases an offer is preceded by an invitation to treat. An invitation to treat is the initial stage at which an individual or a company (invitor) indicate that they are willing to enter into a contract or agreement but that the terms of that contract or are yet to be determined. Some of the ways in which the invitor can invite offers include:- 1. Displays of goods in stores this merely shows what items are available and on which offers can be made (Pharmaceutical Society of GB v Boots Cash Chemists Ltd (1952)). 2. Advertising the advert is acting as a shop window to all intents and purposes. As the advertiser may only have a finite amount of stock they could only possibly have intended the advert to be an invitation to treat (Partridge v Crittenden (1968)). Where the advertiser is making a promise, such as a reward, this could be classed as a unilateral agreement and therefore distinguished as an offer as no further negotiation is intended (Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co Ltd (1893)). 3. Tenders a tender is an invitation to provide goods or services for a price. The person or persons inviting the tenders will then choose a bid that suits their requirements. Until the person inviting the tender has made a decision to accept a tender there is no contract formed (Spencer v Harding (1870)). 4. Auctions the lots or items displayed are the invitation to treat. Any bids made by individuals or companies are offers and the auctioneer may decide to accept or reject such offers (Payne v Cave (1789)). In summary, an offer is a promise by an offeree to enter into a binding agreement, assuming all terms specified by the offeror are accepted. An invitation to treat is the stage prior to an offer in most cases and simply shows willingness by the invitor that they are prepared to enter into negotiations, which may or may not lead to an offer and subsequent acceptance. When two parties have come to a contract or rather what appears, on the face of it, to be a contract the fact that one party is mistaken as to the identity of another does not mean that there is no contract, or that the contract is a nullity and void from the beginning, per Lord Denning MR in Lewis v Averay (1972). How far is the above statement a true reflection of the law? In order to claim a case of mistaken identity there must be at least one of two principles proven. Firstly, the party alleging the mistake must show that he has confused the other party with someone else. In addition, he must be able to show that he had a reason to wish to deal with the intended person. Secondly, the party alleging the mistake must be able to show that he had made reasonable attempts to establish the identity of the party with whom they were intending to form a contract. For a contract to be voided void ab initio, from the beginning, it must be rescinded before the rogue passes the property on to a third party. If this is not the case then the rogue has good title to the property and can pass on the property with good title. In the case of Lewis v Averay (1972) the identity of the rogue was not apparent until after the attempted cashing of the cheque so the rogue had good title throughout the transaction (Phillips v Brooks (1919). The only way Lewis could have voided the transaction would have been to inform the police that the fraud had taken place prior to the goods being passed on and that would have rendered the contract voided. Had Lewis taken further steps at the outset to establish the identity of the rogue he may have been successful in his claim (Ingram v Little (1960)). According to Lord Denning MR in Lewis v Averay (1972), Mr Lewis was only questioning the creditworthiness of the rogue when asking him for identification and therefore the contract was already formed and valid. Receipts had been written and exchanged, along with the cheque. The issue of the identity of the rogue only came to light when Lewis tried to cash the cheque. Because the contract was not voided prior to the property changing hands, the third party (in this case Averay) has acquired good title to the property (Phillips v Brooks (1919)). Had the rogue not sold the property on to a third party the contract would have been between the rogue and Lewis so therefore the contract would have been voidable for fraudulent misrepresentation (Lake v Simmons (1927)). This area of the law is subject to debate among many judges but they all do seem to agree that the case of mistaken identity is classed as a unilateral mistake and the effect on the contract is to void it. However, this only true when the person who makes the mistake was actually intending to form a contract with a specific person and for a specific reason (Cundy v Lindsay (1878)). When the person makes a mistake about the identity of the person in his presence (whether misrepresented or not) but was willing to form a contract with the person in his presence, then the law states that the contract is valid (Phillips v Brookes (1919) Lewis v Averay (1972)).

Taking Online College Courses to Earn a Degree

Taking Online College Courses to Earn a Degree Online college courses can help you earn a degree, improve your resume, or develop a new skill just for fun. If you’re  interested in starting online college courses, this article will help you get started. Taking Online College Courses That Lead to a Degree A growing number of students are taking online college courses to earn their degrees. Some students earn entire degrees online, some transfer traditional college credits to an online program, and some transfer credits from their online college courses to a traditional school. Online college courses are convenient and many can be taken asynchronously, making it possible to be enrolled in a course and engaged in discussions even though you do not need to log on to a website at a specific time. Online college courses in thought-heavy topics (such as English, humanities, math, etc.) tend to be more common than online college courses covering action-specific subjects. If you are interested in taking online college courses that lead to a degree, make sure that the school you’re choosing is properly accredited. Keep in mind that many traditional and online colleges do not easily accept credit transfers. If your plan includes transferring schools at some point, talk to counselors at both schools to make sure that your online college course credits will be approved.   Taking Online College Courses for Professional Development Even if you don’t want to earn an entire degree through the internet, you can take online college courses to improve your resume and develop skills that are valued in the workplace. You may choose to take online college courses ala carte. Or, you may enroll in an online professional development program. Many programs like the  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹Stanford Center for Professional Development allow students to take a sequence of shorter online college courses leading to a professional certificate in a subject like project management, computer security, information technology, or sustainable energy. Check with your workplace or experts in your field to see how a particular online college course will be received in your industry. For example, some computer certification courses that are highly coveted for secretarial work would be considered unnecessary for those employed in a managerial position. Many students are able to take online college courses for free by asking their employers to cover the cost of their tuition. Tuition reimbursement programs are designed for employees that complete coursework or earn degrees related to their position or a position they may qualify for. Even if your employer doesn’t have a formal tuition assistance program in place, he or she may be willing to work with you to subsidize coursework that will help you do better at your job. Taking Online College Courses for Personal Enrichment Online college courses aren’t all about profit and degrees. Many students enroll in online college courses just to learn a skill they are interested in or explore a subject they are curious about. Some schools will allow students to take a class pass/fail so that students do not need to concern themselves with receiving grades. As an alternative to taking online college courses through formal enrollment, you may want to explore many of the free online classes that are now available. Dozens of traditional colleges make their course lectures, assignments, and reading guides openly available to the public as open courseware. By taking free online college courses, you won’t have access to an instructor to help you through the content. Nor will you receive graded feedback. However, you will be able to work at your own pace and learn without paying a dime. There is coursework available on just about every subject, from math to anthropology. Another option is to take advantage of the many free online courses offered outside of the education system altogether. While these aren’t technically â€Å"college† classes, many independent organizations and individuals offer in-depth instruction on a wide variety of topics. For example, Khan Academy provides down-to-earth video lectures on dozens of math topics. Many virtual learners have found these resources easier to understand more than when taking many traditional courses.

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 52

Assignment Example Personally being in that category, I seek a wide variety of commodities being sold in the market. This ensures that my various needs are satisfied. On the same note, a wide range of commodities enable my relevance to the dynamic fashion, technology and modernity. Experiencers endeavors to remain relevant and up-to-date even with the current dynamics of living styles (Michael 347). On several occasions, I have spent high percentages of my income on entertainment, fashion and socializing. We always consider looking fabulous a priority, and personally I put emphasis on looking good. Entertainment also takes a center stage in our lives. I use entertainment as a way of relaxing. Being young and energetic, we find ourselves inclined to regular sporting, exercises and social activities. A company that sets its goals in providing relevant and fashionable products is bond to succeed in the market. Therefore, VLA provides an accurate prediction of my psychological. Strivers are defined as the over-achievers brought up in the middle or working class. They are well known for their hardworking nature. Michael (263) argues that, strivers are motivated by the achieved they get as the result of their work input. As the strivers, we welcome the opinions and ideas of others. We also concerned about the approval and opinions of others. Financial status defines our success. We are consumers of low resources. Normally, we never have enough to meet all our desires. We have fewer social, economic and psychological resources within our reach. Personally, I have a penchant for stylish products that are mostly associated with people with massive wealth. Many are the times I buy purchases products out of emulation of the people I admire in the society. I consider shopping as a regular social activity. We are active consumers in the market set up. We view doing shopping as an opportunity to demonstrate our purchasing ability to our peers. The strivers are mainly reluctant in taking

Research paper comparison between Belize and United States

Comparison between Belize and United States - Research Paper Example That fact explains why the Spanish tongue is spoken by the native people. Interestingly though, it is the only Central American country that has English as its official language. (Belize. Wikipedia. [internet]) The relations between Belize and the United States are more on mutual cooperation covering domestic problems such as crime and police concerns. At one point, a child molester was arrested in Belize after his picture was shown in the Oprah Winfrey show. (ACCUSED CHILD PREDATORS CAUGHT. Thanks to "Oprah" Television Viewers. October 19, 2005. Headline Archives. FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION. [internet].). There are not much about high level talks between the two although it is quite known that both countries are cordially close with each other. Belize citizens who have migrated to the United States are now relatively big in number, about seventy thousand. On the trade and commerce front, the United States is the most important business partner of Belize. Aside from that, there are a lot of fund investments coming from the Americans which are placed in Belize. Superficially, there appears no other significant factor or reason for a serious bonding between the two countries. Going deeper, however, will come up with something that may possibly suggest for a more coordinated and more synchronized inter-relation and inter-action between these governments. The areas that need to focus on are drugs and terrorism which may seem petty in the Belize home base but which can blow up in unmanageable proportions at some unexpected time. These worries are becoming hot issues. In one account, organized crimes executions and drug trafficking have been rising in trends. (Belize Murder Rate Skyrockets. Drugs, Gangs And Organized Crime. February 17, 2008. CruiseBruise. [internet]). In several cases, the use of cruise ship connections is evident, the latter being explained by the attractive tourism industry of Belize. The drug menace is clearly becoming a growing

Law Enforcement Supervision Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Law Enforcement Supervision - Assignment Example Leadership and Organizational Culture Negative images and observations of people within the law enforcement organizations create an unpleasant working environment. In turn, this adversely influences organizational effectiveness, which is needed to counter crime, turmoil and other services. Society is deprived of quality and expected police services due to the unhealthy functioning of the police agencies. A prosperous, fostering working environment enables police agencies to focus on providing premium police services in a time of meager resources. Every police organization has its own unique sub-culture (Crank & Caldero, 2000). In spite of this, police organizations share certain characteristics, which make them similar due to shared experiences. All police agencies deem themselves to be paramilitary agencies, different from the mainstream community, who are required to be hyper-vigilant all around the clock (Gilmartin, 2002). Likewise, they experience tedium, are compelled to work wh ile others go on vacations, and most importantly they live through life and death experiences together. Consequently, they became bound together in an emotional culture. This culture also serves to glue supervisors to the people and agencies they serve in. Additionally, it delineates the Cop confidential conduct in relation to promotions; and the act of getting detached from one police subculture and being bound to another. John G. Serier has noted in his report, that a mutual experience amongst first-line police supervisors was ‘leaving the stock’ (Serier J. , 2003). Initially in their career, supervisors occupy the same position as line officers, working sidelong them. However, promotion to supervisor separates them from others they had worked with for years. Hence, acceptance by peers of a police officer is an integral and prized stage for them (Manning, 1989). Becoming a supervisor denotes the leave of an officer from his peer group. Additionally, it also signifies seeking acceptance of novel peers and upper level management of police agencies. Supervisory models Supervisors act as influential figures for other officers owing to various mechanisms. For instance, the command supervisory model focuses on the formal authority in the hands of supervisors. It advocates that adherence to bureaucratic standards and setting high performance standards can positively influence subordinates’ behavior (Allen & Maxfield, 1983). However, the downside is that the command model mitigates the task environment. As opposed to this, the bargaining supervisory model advocates mutual dependence of supervisors and officers. Officers need to seek small favors from supervisors such as favorable working schedules, partners, cases, departmental discipline, and the like factors. On the other hand, supervisors are dependent on subordinates’ productivity and maintain a low profile to keep out of problems. This reciprocity instead of the authoritative chain of command positively affects the behavior of subordinates. The impact of supervisors will be then equal to the benefits that will be provided to the subordinates. However, these benefits are restricted in public agencies like police organizations that are governed by civil service laws. Hence, it can be concluded that subordinates’ attitudes are modestly affected by the priorities of supervisors. Transactional leadership

Tourism Case Study: Universal Studios

Tourism Case Study: Universal Studios The main objectives of writing the report are to do a case study on how the universal studio is able to attract the local and tourist into investing into the place. The report would cover why universal studio is able to do so and their unique features attracting the both tourist and local into investing it. How they are better than their competitors (escape theme park) or how are they in a way inferior to their competitor using the swot analysis. How is there a raise in the tourism in Singapore due to the universal studio. Understanding how universal studio is being established and their importance in bringing revenue to Singapore market and helping in the raise of tourism. The report would be based on my first hand observation in how the universal studio works and came to it success on my first hand observation, making a visit to the universal studio trip myself and feel in the perspective of the tourist and local why is the place worth going and investing in by going there. Approaching my friends who had been there for their reviews regarding universal studio and how do they feel about the place for a better understanding other than my own bias view or doing a survey on how they people feel about universal studio. Interview my friend who is working there to have a clearer picture of universal studio and what they does their daily routines contains of maintaining the flow of the people every day. What is a universal studio? Universal studio is a theme park built to raise tourism in Singapore. The theme park is located at Sentosa within Resort World Sentosa. Genting group was the one bidding to build a second integrated resort in Singapore. On 19 April 2007, the start of building the Resort World Sentosa ( RWS ) was commence. After few years of construction and the park was then opened to public at 18 March 2010 recently. The universal studio brings about lots of wonderful attractions bringing 24 movies themed rides and attractions experiencing new rides and shows based on blockbuster hits. It is both locally and tourist enticing place for Singapore to build upon. History of Universal studio Genting group was the investor that came to bid successfully upon building integrated resorts in Singapore located at Sentosa. Commence of building the RWS and universal studio starts on 19 April 2007. The park was finally opened on 18 March 2010 upon three years of construction. The park was opened for sneak preview during the Chinese New Year period to promote and let the people know about the place and great place to spend for the special occasion. Sneak preview week started on 14 to 21 February 2010 from 5pm to 9pm every night. The park was opened for sightseeing purposes as none of the rides is operational which serves the purposes of promoting and tempt the people to see how great and wonderful the place was to be spread around anticipating the official open of universal studio and invest upon the place. Visitors have to pay 10 dollars only to goes in the visit the long awaited universal studio. Also, team members are allowed to bring their families to visit the park before the public are allowed to do so. After the official opening, some of the attractions would be opening later at a different timing due to unfinished construction and safety of the people. The largest roller coaster has been hailed due to the safety and problems they encountered when the ride is opened. Achievements of universal studio Universal studio has brought about some attractions and rides which is available in other countries and brought it back to Singapore for the locals. Local people are able to enjoy the attraction which can be found in other countries locally. Each ticket would cost about 62 dollars for weekdays and 72 dollars for weekend for adult pass. With such a costly ticket it will certainly bring more income for Singapore. The place consists of 30 restaurants inclusive of food push carts and 20 unique retail stores located all over the park. 7 zones of movie themed world and 22 attractions have been designed. Not only are they able to access the Universal studio, they are able to venture into the sentosa island which also serves the purpose for tourist attraction. It has brought the best movie themed attractions packed within the seven zones to life. Attracting locally and tourist into the dazzled place packed with fantasy for and both children and adults where they have been wishing for. It has brought about entertainment to people and turning moments to lasting memories of people who visited there. There would be themed hotels available to cater the needs of people and their choice of preference. It has successfully brought Singapore a unique theme park which is the only one found in Singapore. Aims of Universal Studio It has successfully brought Singapore a unique theme park attracting lots of tourist and locals to visit it. Their aims for market are to bring tourism and economical of Singapore to a greater heights. It is to maintain quality service and entertainment to those who visited it for lasting memories. Hoping they would be back to visit the place again on their next trip back to Singapore. What is so unique about Universal studio? The unique points about universal studio is the 7 zones of movie themed world which has brought movies characters alive giving visitors memorable visit and trip making to money paid worthwhile. The 7 zones of themed world consist of The Lost World, Far Far Away, Madagascar, Ancient Egypt, Sci Fi City, Hollywood and New York. All these places are built upon the movies themed and blockbuster hits. The place constructed is based on the movies featuring characters appearances, shopping and dining areas bringing the movie to life. Firstly, The Lost World is divided into two areas Jurassic Park and Waterworld. Featuring both two movie blockbuster hits which are popular among the people. The Lost World helps people to get to know more about dinosaurs and seeing the movies coming alive before their eyes. There are rides featuring the perspective of dinosaurs and how it is like to be surrounded with dinosaurs. Rides which consist of the bird eye view of the place, and some thrilling river raft ride ensuring us to be soaking wet at the of the ride. Waterworld is a water based attractions where we can get to see stunts, amazing explosion live in the water show. Far Far Away land is a movie themed place inspired by dreamwork animations mainly featuring Shrek and the rich fairy tales life. Knowing the characters that living within the fairy tale walls coming to life. Shrek house was being build and there is Shrek 4D featuring a short and realistic movie where we can actually feel the action right from the seat in their short fairy tale adventure. Junior roller coaster is available to for riding too. Madagascar is also one of the dreamwork animation inspired theme zones where it features the dense tropical filled with wonderful characters of Madagascar in the movies. There is a merry go round where we can ride it to be feel like surrounding the Madagascar character and once again be like a child. Unfortunately not all the rides is opened there which will bring people to goes back next time when it is opened so as not to miss any wonderful attractions there. Ancient Egypt is a place featuring ancient pyramids and archaeologist site appearing in movies like the mummy similar to it. Roller coaster is the most exciting rides in the universal studio aside from the huge roller coaster which is not functioning till further notice. It allows us to feel the fire and actually knowing more of ancient pyramids. Sci Fi City is a place featuring the modern place of people where future place would look like base on our high technology nowadays. It is also where the two major roller coasters situated at. It is just basically for sightseeing purposes since most of the attractions are closed due to safety issues. Hollywood is a themed place which features the Hollywood boulevard where dynamic architecture, palm trees and walk of the fame. It features shows like where universal monsters in a rock and roll musical performances bring joy to visitors. It is also the place where most of the shopping can be done. Many iconic Hollywood boulevard. New York is a place where the sidewalks and classic landmarks are being featured. There are facade set of movie scenes for real time movie productions. Where there are attractions that showed us how the movie is being produced and how tedious the actual filming would be bringing a spectacular effect for the movie screen. Thus, all the 7 zones and attractions made up of universal studio make it uniquely special and the only theme park found in Singapore. Difficulties faced Due to the technical problems, some might feel that the park is not up to expectations. The major rides are not operational till further notice might be turning some visitors down into visiting the place for the time being. Not all attractions are opened which states coming soon. Thus, some might want to wait for awhile when everything is working to make the trip and money worthwhile instead, paying 5 dollars for after hours to go in for some sightseeing. Furthermore, the ticket might not be available on the spot as there is limited admission visitors need to book in advance through internet. Some might not want to go about the fuss booking the ticket and stuffs. Strategies ( SWOT ) SWOT Analysis Strengths USS is located in the City State of Singapore easily accessible and at the crossroad of major air traffic flow that can direct a huge potential market to the Studio. It has a very strong appeal to visitors and tourists, as Universal Studio is already a well-known Branding internationally. The individual attractions, shows and rides within USS are really world-class and offer unparalleled fun and enjoyment to the visitor USS is an important component within a newly-developed Integrated Resort in the Leisure Island of Sentosa, that include casino, conventions and meetings, hotel and FB. Each area can draw on each other to generate more business and increases revenue which could eventually contribute to Singapores growing economy. Weaknesses USS needs to keep improving and creating new attractions, rides, performances etc to bring repeat visitors back and sustain visitorship numbers. USS is highly dependent on tourists visitors to sustain its daily visitors. The admission charge is relatively high and will be a major set-back to visitors. Visitor numbers are currently high every day, so there is a need for advanced bookings of up to a week to ensure getting admission tickets for a preferred visit date. However last-minute plan to visit USS may result to tickets being sold out and thus people wanting to go would be disappointed. USS requires high operating and maintenance costs and will take many years for the investor to recover its total investment. Opportunities 1. The regional market potential is huge for USS. Strong economic growth in the region will lead to better spending. This will result to more tourists arrivals at Singapore, and USS. 2. The Singapore Tourism Board has set high target for tourism visitorship targeting to hit 15 million visitors by 2015. USS is thus able to capture a huge amount of this number as it is a major tourist destination for these visitors to visit. Threats Economic downturns and recession when it happens, will negatively affect USS in a big way, since traveling and spending will drop due to such poor economic condition. New players and neighbouring countries will try to copy the success of the Integrated Resort concept and develop their casinos, theme-parks, hotels. All these will present a threat to USS as visitors are drawn away from it. Competitor ( Escape theme park ) Escape theme park is an outdoor park located at Downtown East, Pasir Ris. It is not a theme park where fairy tales came alive like universal studio. But a normal park consisting of families and thrills rides catering for all ages. But the park is only available on Saturday, Sunday, primary and secondary and public holidays unlike Universal studio which opens daily. It is catered more for locals as the going to the place is a bit troublesome due to have to change bus going down there. Many tourists might not know how to get there. But universal studio is much simpler due to the monorail services. Also, the operation days falls on weekends and public holidays which make lesser tourist visiting it as they are not able to go in the theme park during weekdays as weekends might be packed and there might be a lot of queues for the rides. Surveys results Due to the rejection of my email to conduct my interview for universal studio, i decided to conduct a survey on universal studio to ask them about their views to have non bias and a clearer perception of the theme park. Knowing how it actually attract the people there and why universal studio is able to bring a greater heights in both tourism and economically. There are a total of 6 questions being asked where. Firstly, do you think that it is worth the money going to Universal studio? The objective of this question asked is to see the result if how many people think that a costly admission ticket of universal studio is worth taking a trip down to. Thus, if many agree with it, it means to say that universal studio has successfully captured the attention of people thinking of going there and the admission ticket is valued for money, and worth the price for going there to visit. Through the survey, i have concluded that a majority of the people do feel that it is worth the money going down to the Universal Studio Singapore. Whereas on the other hand, some find that it may not be worth it. Secondly, if money is not a factor would you visit universal studio for once? The objective of the question is to assume if the admission ticket is affordable for everyone, are they willing to spend their time visiting the place for at least once. The survey result obtained is most people would certainly go to the place if money is not an issue to them. Thirdly, what do you think of the service of universal studio? The objective of the question is to ask about the service they provided is it was satisfying to bring a good reputation to the tourist and locals to make them visit the place again. Majority of the people voted for average. Which means that the service provided have rooms for improvements thus, bringing greater income for Singapore. Fourthly, for those who had visited universal studio what is your comment about? The objective of the question is to ask those people who had visited there to talk about their view of it and impression of Universal studio have left for them. Some of the people had great reviews about universal studio and said that they would visit the place again. Due to their great ambience and atmosphere it had created, it is worth the trip down the place. There is several different themes all found n one place. But some said that it was not really up to standards, as not all rides are operational. Thus, it became a disappointment to them as they are not able to ride all when the admission ticket is costly. Thus, they should have the responsible to ensure all rides are operational before opening. There is also a comparison between Singapore universal studio and other countries. Singapore one was small as compared to others hence little rides s available. But the effort is still there for making the only several themed theme park found in Singapore. Fifth, for those who did not go Universal studio before what are your views about the place? The objectives of asking the question is asking about what impression does Universal studio brings them. To test if they would ever wanted to visit it. Most of them have said that the impression that the universal studio brought was expensive and glamorous. It is a fun and exciting place to go but definitely a price to pay. It is a place where cartoons and fairytale came alive, a different theme park found in Singapore. It seems to be made a tourist attraction and point. But the price is still a bit high and has to consider as there might be crowds whereby one could not be able to finish all the rides in one day as the park stops operating at 7. But more choose to go there once after it is fully operational to make the money paid worthwhile. Lastly, how would rate universal studio? The objective of the question is to ask if after all Universal Studio is worth the money and time to go. A lot had chosen that it is average and it depends if they want to go a not due to money factor and facilities of the park. Coming up next is up to expectations and worth going. Thus, most people are likely to go if the facilities are all open bring a greater income for Singapore and tourism rate. Full facilities are more appealing to people than current facilities. This means that there might be more people and income after the facilities are fully open. This survey had served its purpose of surveying the response they thought of universal studio. With the survey results being positive, it means that Singapore is success in building universal studio. Thus, with a positive response it means that people are attracted to it investing in the place which serves the purpose of tourist attraction point and contributing to economy sector of Singapore is a great success. Conclusion Based on my first hand observation of the universal studio, USS has been successful in appealing to the general public as well as tourists. It has been contributing a significant amount of revenue towards Singapores economy through the tourism sector since its first launch. It basically appeals to a wide market segment and thus that is one of the reasons for its success. I personally find that through such world-renowned tourists attractions, Singapores economy will be impacted in a positive way for many years to come. Seasonal tourism in Azerbaijan: Patterns and effects Seasonal tourism in Azerbaijan: Patterns and effects The main purpose of this thesis is to embark on seasonality research in Azerbaijan, which has been neglected due to several reasons, for example, lack of sufficient data and interest from the industry. The lack of prior studies regarding seasonality in Azerbaijan furnishes originality to this thesis. The research seeks to find out seasonality patterns in Baku, the causes and effects of seasonality and possible actions against it. It must be also noted that Azerbaijan is at the beginning of tourism development and seasonal patterns are likely to change over the years thanks to huge investments and far-reaching changes. 5.1 General findings In order to prepare theoretical foundations of the research, a wide-ranging literature review has been performed. Main causes of seasonality – natural, institutional and other factors were elucidated. The impacts arising from seasonal patterns were depicted. At the end of theoretical groundwork management strategies were given. Such theoretical foundation helped later to investigate the seasonality patterns, causes and effects and develop a strategy in Baku against seasonality. Having established conceptual framework, an empirical study has been undertaken in order to explore seasonality in Baku. The research area, Baku, Azerbaijan was introduced. In order to answer raised questions, a survey with both quantitative and qualitative questions was designed. The questionnaire was emailed to a total of 83 accommodations and resorts operating in Baku. However, 27 emails were bounced back and considered as non-delivery. 12 respondents filled in the questionnaire and returned. In spite of low response rate and reluctance of businesses, the answers provided important data which facilitated addressing the research problem. The survey revealed many facts which were not clear before this research. Based on survey results, the research questions were answered. It was found that autumn, spring as well as Novruz holiday was peak season for accommodations in Baku. Summer, winter and New Year break are low demand season. Most accommodations operating in Baku do not suspend their operations in off-season period. However, their income substantially falls. While majority of accommodations increases prices in high demand season, slightly less than half keep the prices the same. Pricing is also used in low demand season, this time through reductions. It must be noted that most respondents found price decrease practical for tackling with seasonal fluctuations. Though not expected, none of respondents dismiss employees during low seasons, as they do not hire temporary workers but keep stable personnel. The results also cleared that contrary to the underlying assumptions, seasonality does not affect the quality of se rvices in accommodations in Baku. It was discovered that the accommodations do not have any special offer or strategy regarding seasonality, apart from price decreases, which should be counted as discount rather seasonality measure. The main causes of seasonality in Azerbaijan were also established. Climate and weather patterns and also tough competition with other countries were found as crucial factors. A possible strategy against strategy should include price decrease from businesses, offering new services, finding new markets and also government support to tourism businesses, which can take place in different forms, such as tax cuts, loans, marketing activities abroad and etc. Furthermore, the government should diversify tourism services in Baku and all over the country, and especially develop winter tourism. Though Azerbaijan is already offering sun and beach tourism, the quality and environmental issues do not permit attracting huge number of international tourists. Government can also play a role in scattering holidays throughout a year and avoid high seasonal concentrations. Besides, seasonality can also be positively utilized for educational purposes, especially given the fact that most tourism personne l lack adequate training in Azerbaijan. The overall impression from survey is that Baku experiences a medium level of seasonality. There are many facts that justify this statement. First of all, the businesses did not unanimously consider seasonality as a problem for themselves. One fourth of the respondents either did not agree or were uncertain. Secondly, the overwhelming majority do not shut down during low seasons. Thirdly, employee dismissal, which is deemed as serious problem arising from seasonality does not take place in these accommodations. And finally, these businesses did not confirm the negative impact of seasonality on the quality of their services. All these arguments provide ground for the conclusion that Baku undergoes only an intermediate level seasonality. The reason is that Baku as a city has many advantages. It is a capital city, with the biggest international airport, and also business centre of the country. The city has a lot to offer to tourists due to its cultural and historical heritage as well as location. It can also be argued that the tourism potential of Baku has not been properly utilized. For example, though Baku can be an international sun and beach destination in summer, it is far from this. Even international tourists prefer travelling to Baku in spring and autumn in order to avoid high temperatures. The findings of this thesis can be used both by academic circles and also professionals. This study can serve as a source for researchers, especially for those who investigate seasonality or explore tourism in Azerbaijan. Seasonality is closely related with demand forecasting. By exploring the subject matter the businesses can also benefit from seasonality research in many ways. For example, the businesses can roughly calculate guest numbers based on demand forecasting, take steps to lower the imbalance between seasons. 5.2 Limitations of the study and further research The research has come with several limitations. First of all, the survey was carried out only among accommodations and resorts. It is obvious that the list of accommodations operating in Baku is not complete, though the one used is much more wide-ranging and broad in comparison with other sources. Albeit email was sent to 83 businesses, 27 of them immediately bounced back and the same happened with follow-up emails. Some of these emails were traced to other sources or the website of accommodation, if any. Moreover, while tabulating results, 56 accommodations were taken as whole surveyed population. Secondly, the results of survey among accommodations cannot be easily generalized to the whole tourism industry of Baku. Therefore, the findings of this research may not agree with the results of similar survey among other tourism businesses in Baku. Especially tour operators and travel agencies can bring about a totally different seasonality patterns, causes and effects. While the use of accommodations by local people is likely much lower than international visitors in Baku due to high prices and stay at relatives’ place, accommodations mainly provide information on inbound international tourists. However, tour operators and travel agencies operate different kind of businesses throughout country. Their services are widely used by outbound tourists, which in this case are local people. Since the seasonality patterns between inbound and outbound tourists can considerably differ, there is a probability that the seasonality patterns of accommodations can also significantly disagr ee with that of travel agencies, tour operators and other tourism businesses. Thirdly, the answers to the quantitative questions were of nominal and interval scale. However, these scales do not provide precision for making a decision (Colton and Covert, 2007, p. 80), such as determining the level of seasonality. Finally, although the respondents have in most cases shown their names and positions while returning the questionnaire, it is unknown that to what extent the answers are correct. Names or even positions do not tell much about the knowledge or capacity of the person who filled in the questionnaire. Therefore, a close look at the businesses such as face-to-face interview could provide more reliable data. Furthermore, since respondents usually show reluctance with regards to qualitative questions, quantitative questions with answer options were extensively utilized in questionnaire. However, in order to make in-depth analysis of the issue, qualitative methods should be in place. But comprehensive qualitative answers could be obtained through interviews instead of email attached questionnaire. Moreover, a higher response rate could be achieved in case of interviews. Apparently, a totally different seasonality pattern could be found out in other regions of the country. Hence, the results cannot be extended other locations. However, there is an utmost need for raising seasonality issue and addressing this concern in regions, even more than Baku. Other cities and tourism spots are likely to incur a higher seasonality level than Baku, as they attract less international tourists and focus on summer tourism activities. Further research should be done to exactly calculate the seasonality level in Azerbaijan, Baku and other regions, based on the monthly data provided from the State Statistics Committee, when available. Most researches on seasonality are quantitative and ascertain seasonality level by computing Guini coefficient, seasonality ratio and/or coefficient of seasonal variation. However, to date the tourism figures have been collected on a yearly basis rather than monthly in Azerbaijan. Therefore, exact calculation of seasonality is currently not possible. Furthermore, decomposition based on country of origin and other criteria should be performed, which will help to tailor a strategy in accordance with more detailed seasonality patterns. Subsequently, the effectiveness of these strategies can be examined in other studies. A research on forecasting tourism demand would also be very useful, particularly for businesses.

CArloos Santana :: essays research papers

Carlos Santana Ryan Conroy All the world knows the special magic of Carlos Santana. Since 1966, he has led the group that bears his name, selling over 30 million albums and performing before an estimated 13 million people. In every performance, Carlos shares with his audience a personal communication that crosses all boundaries and differences. Carlos was introduced to traditional music by his father, Jose. An accomplished mariachi violinist and experienced musician, he taught Carlos the basics of music theory and gave him an understanding of the value of a note. Although Carlos' excitement for music would be sparked by his first experience, he quickly discovered the limits of its traditional form and wanted more. Carlos wanted to play the kind of music that was filling the radio waves and making people dance. Tijuana, 1955 the drastic change of moving from the small, quiet town of Autlan to the humming, thriving boom town of Tijuana brought a renewed hope and opportunity for a new life. Both for Carlos and his family. The eight-year old Carlos quickly left the violin for the guitar, studying and emulating the sounds of B.B. King, T-Bone Walker and John Lee Hooker. Soon he was being asked to join local bands like the T.J.'s, where he added a unique touch and feel to his own renditions of all the great songs of the 1950's. As he continued to play with different bands along the busy Tijuana Strip, he not Page Two only started to perfect his style and sound, but actually started bringing home enough money to really help his family. His future looked promising. In 1960, Carlos' family moved to San Francisco while Carlos stayed in Tijuana for another year to make extra money until his family was settled. However, he soon found himself amid the multicultural atmosphere of San Francisco, with all of its diverse musical styles. It was here that Carlos would find what he had been searching for, as if destiny had brought him to the right place at the right time. For the next five years, Carlos continued to evolve his own unique style of music that would later identify him as one of the most distinctive, innovative musicians of our time. In 1966, the music of Carlos Santana exploded on the streets of San Francisco with the debut performance of the Santana Blues Band. For the next two years, the Santana Blues Band was overwelmed by a wave of popularity that would take them from San Francisco's Fillmore West, to that historical performance in 1969 before 500,000 at the Woodstock Festival in New York.

Grandparents and Grandchildren Relationships Essay

There are many benefits that can be enjoyed as a result of the relationships between grandparents and their grandchildren. The benefits that can result from such relationships are loving companionship, the grandchildren gain mentors, and the grand parents can educate the grandchildren on the family history as well as their culture. It is therefore clear that the grandchildren can gain more knowledge from their relationship with their grandparents. According to Weston &Qu (2009, p. 59), there are many roles that the grandparents can play on their grandchildren growth. However, their ability to perform these roles is dependent on the relationship that exists between the grandparents and the grandchildren. One important role that the grandparents can play in the growth of the grandchildren is teaching them their history and their culture. Therefore, from this relationships the grandchildren gains historians and educators. Another important role that the grandparents can play on the growth of their grandchildren is mentoring them. Children require mentorship in order to avoid making some mistakes such as engaging in immoral behaviors. As a result of these relationships, children develop life skills on activities which can be performed during their leisure times. Grandparents also can gain some benefits from their relationships with their grandchildren. For instance, some grandparents use their parenting skills in grand parenting in order to prove to their children that they are good parents as a result of their years of experience (Mader, 2007, p. 1). Further, this relationship offers the grandparents with an opportunity to be involved in their grandchildren’s lives. As a result of the various benefits identified on the relationship between grandparents and their grandchildren, such relationships are very import ant to the grandparents as well as to their grandchildren. Whereas the grandchildren gain historians, mentors and educators, the grandparents get an opportunity to be involved in their grandchildren’s lives. References Mader, S.L. (2007). Benefits of Grandparenting.Family and Consumer Sciences. The Ohio State University. Retrieved from: http://ohioline.osu.edu/hyg-fact/5000/pdf/Benefits_Grandparenting.pdf Weston, R &Qu, L. (2009).Relationships between grandparents and grandchildren. Family Matters 2009 No. 81. Retrieved from: http://www.mentalhealthacademy.net/journal_archive/aifs094.pdf

Hereditory Hemochromatosis essays

Hereditory Hemochromatosis essays Hereditary Hemochromatosis: An Iron Overload Disease Hemochromatosis is caused by a defect in the gene called HFE, which regulates the amount of iron absorbed from food. Particularly, two mutations, called C282Y and H63D, cause the abnormal metabolism of the iron. People with the disease have inherited a defective gene from each parent. If a person inherits the defective gene from only one parent he/she is a carrier but does not develop it. However, carriers might have an increase in iron absorption. Hemochromatosis is mostly found in Caucasians of Northern European decent. Both men and woman are affected but men are more likely to develop problems at younger age. The defect is present at birth but symptoms do not appear until adulthood with hereditary hemochromatosis. The disease causes the body to absorb and store too much iron, which builds up in the organs and damages them. Iron becomes part of hemoglobin, a molecule in the blood that transports oxygen from the lungs to all body tissues. With this defect, the body has no way to get rid of the excess iron so it stores it in the body tissues, especially the liver, heart and pancreas. Symptoms often include joint pain, fatigue, and lack of energy, abdominal pain, loss of sex drive, depression, shortness of breath, weight loss, and heart problems. If not detected and treated right away it will lead to more serious problems like arthritis, liver disease (enlarged liver, hepatitis, cirrhosis, cancer, or liver failure), impotence, early menopause, abnormal pigmentation of the skin (gray or bronze), damage to the pancreas (causing diabetes), thyroid deficiency, heart failure, or damage to th e adrenal gland. There is no cure for this disease but there is one treatment called phlebotomy, which is the removing of blood. For those with the disease this means taking one pint of blood once or twice a month for several months to a year. After this the blood ferritin levels w...

Weight Definition in Science

Weight Definition in Science The everyday definition of weight is a measure of how heavy a person or object it. However, the definition is slightly different in science. Weight is the name of the force exerted on an object due to the acceleration of gravity. On Earth, weight is equal to the mass times the acceleration due to gravity (9.8 m/sec2 on Earth). Key Takeaways: Weight Definition in Science Weight is the product of mass multiplied by acceleration acting on that mass. Usually, its an objects mass multiplied by the acceleration due to gravity.On Earth, mass and weight have the same value and units. However, weight has a magnitude, like mass, plus a direction. In other words, mass is a scalar quantity while weight is a vector quantity.In the United States, the pound is a unit of mass or weight. The SI unit of weight is the newton. The cgs unit of weight is the dyne. Units of Weight In the United States, the units of mass and weight are the same. The most common unit of weight is the pound (lb). However, sometimes the poundal and slug are used. The poundal is the force needed to accelerate a 1-lb mass at 1 ft/s2. The slug is the mass that is accelerated at 1 ft/s2 when 1 pound-force is exerted upon it. One slug is the equivalent of 32.2 pounds. In the metric system, units of mass and weight are separate. The SI unit of weight is the newton (N), which is 1 kilogram meter per second squared. It is the force required to accelerate a 1-kg mass 1 m/s2. The cgs unit of weight is the dyne. The dyne is the force needed to accelerate a mass of one gram at the rate of one centimeter per second squared. One dyne equals exactly 10-5 newtons. Mass vs Weight Mass and weight are easily confused, especially when pounds are used! Mass is a measure of the quantity of matter contained in an object. It is property of matter and does not change. Weight is a measure of the effect of gravity (or other acceleration) upon an object. The same mass can have a different weight depending on the acceleration. For example, a person has the same mass on the Earth and on Mars, yet weighs only about one-third as much on Mars. Measuring Mass and Weight Mass is measured on a balance by comparing a known amount of matter (a standard) against an unknown amount of matter. Two methods may be used to measure weight. A balance may be used to measure weight (in units of mass), however, balances wont work in the absence of gravity. Note a calibrated balance on the Moon would give the same reading as one on Earth. The other method of measuring weight is the spring scale or pneumatic scale. This device accounts for the local force of gravity upon an object, so a spring scale can give a slightly different weight for an object at two locations. For this reason, scales are calibrated to give the weight an object would have at nominal standard gravity. Commercial spring scales must be re-calibrated when they are moved from one location to another. Weight Variance Across the Earth Two factors change weight at different locations on the Earth. Increasing altitude decreases weight because it increases the distance between a body and the mass of the Earth. For example, a person who weighs 150 pounds at sea level would weigh about 149.92 pounds at 10,000 feet above sea level. Weight also varies with latitude. A body weighs slightly more at the poles than at the equator. In part, this is due to the bulge of the Earth near the equator, which puts objects at the surface slightly further from the center of mass. The difference in centrifugal force at the poles compared to the equator also plays a role, where centrifugal force acts perpendicular to the axis of the Earths rotation. Sources Bauer, Wolfgang and Westfall, Gary D. (2011).  University Physics with Modern Physics. New York: McGraw Hill. p.  103.  ISBN  978-0-07-336794-1.Galili, Igal (2001). Weight versus gravitational force: historical and educational perspectives. International Journal of Science Education. 23: 1073. doi:10.1080/09500690110038585Gat, Uri (1988). The weight of mass and the mess of weight. In Richard Alan Strehlow (ed.). Standardization of Technical Terminology: Principles and Practice – second volume. ASTM International. pp. 45–48. ISBN 978-0-8031-1183-7.Knight, Randall D. (2004). Physics for Scientists and Engineers: a Strategic Approach. San Francisco, USA: Addison–Wesley. pp. 100–101. ISBN 0-8053-8960-1.Morrison, Richard C. (1999). Weight and gravity - the need for consistent definitions. The Physics Teacher. 37: 51. doi:10.1119/1.880152

Summary for a research article-----Litreture review for the article Assignment - 1

Summary for a research article-----Litreture review for the article - Assignment Example The discount rate pertains to the â€Å"opportunity cost† or the anticipated rate of return as one invests on one option, instead of other comparative investments with similar risks (258). The most common discount rate employed is the Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC), which includes the risk of the cash flows. Second, some of the Income Valuation methods are â€Å"the capitalization of earnings or cash flows and the discount of future earnings or cash flows† (258). Capitalization is preferred when past operations can best indicate the businesses’ future operations (258). The discount of future earnings is more appropriate, when past operations do not reflect future cash flows (258). Some of the different cash flow methods used are: â€Å"Free Cash Flow, Capital Cash Flow and Equity Cash Flow† (259). Third, the Free Cash Flow (FCF) refers to what is left from the cash operations after tax is deducted and it does not consider the organization’s debt level, which means that it does not deduct interest expenses (259). For its valuation, the proper discount rate for Free Cash Flows is the after-tax Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACCAT), which is computed by using the after-tax cost of debt in the WACC formula (259). Bunea-BontaÅŸ and Petre stress that the Free Cash Flow is a vital measure of the capability of the company to present positive returns to its shareholders. They note that one of the weaknesses of FCF is that since the capital structure of the company is continuously changing, this means that the computation for the WACC must be changed as well (260). Fourth, Capital Cash Flow (CCF) values the cash flow for all security holders of the company, including debts or shares (260). It adds all cash flows paid or can be paid to capital providers, by measuring all of the assets’ after-tax cash (260). CCF’s present value is equal to the value of the enterprise (260). It uses the

John Locke's Notion of Money Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

John Locke's Notion of Money - Essay Example He bases this idea on the definition of labor. According to Locke, â€Å"The labor of his body, and the work of his hands, we may say, are properly his† (V.27). This means that if one labors for something, that something naturally becomes his property. Therefore, labor determines property. This property then is assumed to be useful and â€Å"the intrinsic value of things†¦depends only on their usefulness to the life of man† (V.37). Therefore, property has value, and this value can only be represented by money. Therefore, if one has money, even if the property is gone, its value stays with its rightful owner. Furthermore, this means that since money does not decay, then it does not lose its value. In fact, money does not only have value but it also serves as a pledge or an agreement among people that they will honor its value through â€Å"mutual consent† (V.47). Lastly, according to Locke, money is a means to â€Å"enlarge† man’s possessions or property (V.48). Since money became a means to exchange useful goods and since different industries developed to give man different amounts of possessions, money became a means to own larger and larger property. ... If we rely on barter, we cannot exactly know how much of one thing can be justly or rightfully exchanged with another. Therefore, for Aristotle, â€Å"all good must†¦be measured by some one thing† and that only money can serve as a standard or it can provide the means to an equal exchange of goods (V.3). The idea of equal exchange is based on Aristotle’s idea of justice, which is the topic of the whole Chapter 5 of the Nicomachean Ethics. For Aristotle, the reason why money should be used as a basis of equality is that it is fixed and more stable than other criteria. For example, nobody can exactly say who is virtuous and whether virtuous people must receive more that those who are not. Money, however, is fixed and will give its owner the same value whether he is â€Å"more virtuous† than another person. Aristotle also states that money is â€Å"not always worth the same; yet it tends to be steadier† (V.3). This means that the value of money may chang e but it is still a better mode of exchange because it is not perishable. Moreover, money is â€Å"our surety,† which means that money is a guarantee or a pledge that its value will be honored by all men as it is â€Å"fixed by agreement† (V.3). This also means that even if now we do not need to use a product that money can buy, the fact that we have money means that we can still use this product in the future when we need it. Aristotle and John Locke on Money Aristotle and John Locke both have similar and different opinions on money. Nevertheless, Aristotle’s views seem more viable. Both philosophers believe that money is more or less a practical mode of exchange. According to John Locke, money does not decay like perishable goods such as corn and