Bipolar Disorder And Mental Disorders - 1249 Words

Bipolar Disorder, also known as manic/depressive disorder once was a disorder that carried a severe societal stigmatism. It now has carries less stigmatism but is a disorder which has become difficult to diagnosis and extremely prevalent in today’s society. Due to the manic characteristic of the disorder it differentiates itself from the typical form of depression. Even though both depression and bipolar disorder can be due to an imbalance in brain chemistry and biology, genetics, or effected by traumatic stressors that happen in daily life, bipolar disorder has definitive treatment which applies solely to this specific disorder. Bipolar Disorder, as noted in the 2010 Global Burden of Disease Study, is ranked Internationally as the 18th†¦show more content†¦These patient’s impairment is noticeable in social and work environments. The diagnosis of BD-II patients must have a history of hypomania and major depression. The diagnosis of cyclothymic disorder is given when hypomania symptoms are present but the depression present has not met the criteria needed to be considered a depressive episode. When the hypomanic and depressive symptoms both don’t meet the specific diagnostic elements a diagnosis of bipolar disorder not otherwise specified is given. It is the mania end of the spectrum in which bipolar disorder can be diagnosed adequately. Mania can be described as an elevation in mood that causes an impairment in normal functioning with the condition persisting for a minimum of 7 days. Hypomania is also an elevation of mood but without the characteristics of an impairment in normal functions, the condition persisting for a minimum of 4 days or less. Individuals who have experienced one episode of mania are diagnosed with Bipolar Disorder I (BD-I) and individuals who experience hypomania are diagnosed with Bipolar Disorder II (BD-II). The term bipolar was first used in 1957 by Leonhard7 for disorders comprising both manic and depressive symptoms. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders (DSM) in 1980 replaced the manic depression term

In Recent Years, The Prevalence Of Autism Spectrum Disorder

In recent years, the prevalence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has increased greatly (Nevison 2014). For example, in 2000 the Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring (ADDM) Network estimated about 1 in 150 children had ASD. Six years later in 2006, the prevalence increased to about 1 in every 110 children and then most recently in 2012 to 1 in 68 children. According to the CDC (2008) autism is the fastest-growing developmental disability. With the growing prevalence of autism, the society has been impacted in several ways. For example, the its prevalence has allowed for increases in advocacy, data collection and overall greater acceptance and understanding for autism spectrum disorder. To begin, the increasing prevalence of†¦show more content†¦For example, Grandin designed facilities that half the cattle in the United States are handled in today (2012). Another self-advocate is Owen Suskind. Owen’s story is portrayed in the movie Life, Animated. As show n in the movie, Owen also shares his story in conferences and speeches with people so they can better understand life with autism. For Owen, he did not communicate until him and his family used Disney animated films as a baseline for life events (2016). His story is interesting and inspiring because it shows how life can be taught in several ways and everyone’s point of view of it will vary. I enjoyed learning about his progression of speech and communication throughout the film because many individuals with ASD have a similar struggle and I liked how Owen and his family overcame the obstacle in a unique way. To add as the prevalence of autism has increased there has been a greater effort in collecting data about autism and the many components that are affected by the disorder. For example, as Dr. Sheehan discussed in her lecture about data collection and analysis, it is vital to include observations and data so that you can see if your interventions are working (2017). This semester I had the opportunity to experience data collection first hand and I got to see how important it is to keep records of everything, during my internship with work relating toShow MoreRelatedAutism Spectrum Disorders Prevalence766 Words   |  3 PagesAutism Prevalence Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) refers to a group of developmental brain disorders that affect a child’s cognitive, behavioral, and social abilities (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). There are several forms of ASD that have different impairments and levels of severity. Recent research has been looking at the increased prevalence of ASD and possible causes of this increase. In attempts to determine reasons for the increased prevalence of ASD, Schieve et al. examinedRead MoreVaccinations : A Science s Greatest Feats1400 Words   |  6 Pagesscience’s greatest feats. The World Health Organization estimates that immunization prevents 2 million deaths worldwide and according to Immunize BC, â€Å"[vaccinations] have saved more lives in Canada than any other medical intervention in the past 50 years†. Vaccinations work by transmitting a small amount of germs - or parts of a germ- into the patient. These germs cause the body to create antibodies in order to rid and protect the body of the foreign intruder. The germs are consequently destroyed andRead MoreIntroduction To Autism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd )931 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction to Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) Autism have been recognized as in existence since the 1940s but only in recent years it has been recognised under the standardized psychiatric diagnostic classification schemes. It is not unusual for people with ASD to be at risk of displaying challenging behaviours which could lead to offending behaviours, however, on the other hand they can also be at lower risk as they find rules helpful in surviving in the social world. This paper will look at whatRead MoreAutism Research Paper794 Words   |  4 PagesAutism Spectrum Disorders are developmental disabilities with lifelong effects for the person. They are characterized by the repetitive behaviors exhibited by the client with social and communication deficits as well. Clients with ASDs have unusual abilities to learn, they struggle with paying attention and may react inappropriately with extreme tantrums to different sensations. ASDs include and are not limited to autistic disorder, pervasive developmental disorder, atypical aut ism and AspergerRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder And Autism1492 Words   |  6 Pageslife there are several different disorders that have been well known from many years ago. There is one disorder that was diagnosed in the early 1800’s but it wasn’t until a few years ago that it gained lots of attention. What used to be known as Autism was later renamed in the DSM to Autism Spectrum Disorder meaning, a neurodevelopmental disorder rather than a pervasive developmental disorder (Gargiulo, 2015). Autism spectrum disorder is a developmental disorder characterized by abnormal or impairedRead MoreAutism Is A Neurodevelopmental Disorder That Is Found To1103 Words   |  5 PagesAutism is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is found to be affecting more people every day. Autism spectrum disorder is a term used to hold many levels of autism under it from high functioning to non-verbal. To fall in the spectrum there is certain criterion that must be met part of which is a co mmon set of behavioral and cognitive impairments. These behavior impairments, much of which are restrictive and repetitive along with being too focused or channeled on one thought, idea or activity. ActingRead MoreInside Autism Spectrum Disorder Essay1715 Words   |  7 PagesAutism Spectrum Disorder is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is characterized by a number of deficits in verbal and non-verbal communication, social interaction with others, and other behaviors. Usually diagnosed in early infancy, this disorder is the most impairing and severe of the neurodevelopmental disorders. Before the publishing and release of the Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) (American Psychiatric Association, 2013), Autism Spectrum disorder could be diagnosedRead MoreIs Autism A Developmental Disorder? Essay1619 Words   |  7 PagesExploring Autism in Children Rutgers University Atypical Adolescence and Development Professor. Stevie McKenna November 2nd, 2016 Autism Abstract Autism is a developmental disorder in which an individual has problems with communication and interaction. Autism Spectrum Disorder was adopted as a categorization in 2013 and begins in childhood and follows throughout the course of a child’s life and is actually a collection of developmental brain disorders. There isRead MoreHistory of Autism, ASD, and AD1632 Words   |  7 PagesHistory of Autism, ASD, and AD Leo Kanner, a doctor at Johns Hopkins Hospital and the first self-described child-psychiatrist, first described what we now know to be autism in his 1943 paper titled, Autistic Disturbances of Affective Contact. He described a disorder similar to, but distinct from childhood schizophrenia. Autism, taken from symptoms of schizophrenia, described withdrawn symptoms or social interaction problems, and was included in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental DisordersRead MoreExploring Ways of Conceptualizing ASD in Africa1439 Words   |  6 Pagesmental disorder, but really is that enough to become a revolutionary universal tool? Table of Contents Chapter 1: INTRODUTION 1 Background of the research 1 Aims and objectives of the research 4 Research Methodology 5 CHAPTER 2: 7 DIAGNOSTIC STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS 7 The History and revisions of the DSM 8 DSM-I (1952) 8 DSM-II (1968), (1974) 9 DSM-III (1980), DSM-III-R (1987) 9 DSM-IV (1994), DSM-IV-TR (2000), 10 DSM-5 (2013); Perspective of ASD ‘Neuro-developmental Disorders’ and

Reaction Paper on Crazy by Free Essays

Ha Song Pham PSYCH 252 02/17/2012 Reaction Paper 1 on Crazy When talking about prison, one usually thinks of two kinds of people, the guards and the prisoners. But nowadays, when 16% of inmates have serious and persistent mental illness, it is not surprising to find psychiatrists working in prisons. The Miami-Dade County Pretrial Detention Center mentioned in Crazy was not an exception. We will write a custom essay sample on Reaction Paper on Crazy by or any similar topic only for you Order Now On the ninth for of Miami jail, we found mentally ill prisoners, guards, Dr. Poitier who was the chief psychiatrist of the jail, and the nurses. The medical staff and the prison officers hold opposite viewpoints about how the inmates should be treated. The great conflicts and complications between the justice system and the mental health system had made the job of the psychiatrists in prisons across the United States an extremely difficult task. Dr. Poitier and nurses on the ninth floor of Miami jail worked daily in a very unhygienic condition: â€Å"The air in C wings stinks. It is a putrefied scent, a blending of urine expectorant, persperition, excrement, blood, flatulence, and dried and discarded jailhouse food. When the jail’s antiquated air conditioning breaks down during the summer, which it often does, some officers claim C wing’s pink wall actually sweats. It’s decades of filth and grime bubbling up, rising through coat of paint†. I wonder how one could be expected to live, let alone work in a condition as such. Under such horrible conditions, I wonder how effective the doctors were doing their job. And even if they were trying to do the best they could, I don’t think the inmates’ conditions could get any better when they did not even get to live in basic living condition which has a standard level of hygiene. If the states were paying for the psychiatrists to treat the inmates, the first thing they should have thought about was the working conditions of the doctors and the living conditions of the inmates because those played a key role in the efficiency of one’s job and the recovery of one’s disorder. In addition to the poor working conditions, the medical staff were not treated well by both the officers and the inmates. The nurses got screamed at, threatened, and humiliated. In Crazy, Earley told the incident of one nurse having a prisoner toss a cup of feces and urine at her. Nevertheless, the nurse did not quit the job for she understood that she could not take anything personally at her work. Most of the nurses were women. Inmates frequently masturbated in front of them. They did not get any protection from such hazard because the state attorney thought that it was not a crime that was worth pursuing. Doctors and nurses saw inmates as patients, while officers saw them as prisoners. The officers (or correctional staff as referred to in Crazy) treated the inmates very badly when the doctors were not around. Due to the opinions that were at two extremes with each other, the efforts to help the inmates by the medical staff turned out to be useless by the poor treatment that the inmates received from the officers. On a larger scale, the psychiatrists received very little to no help from the state government. What’s more, they had to comply with the ridiculous, non-sense regulations that were originally constructed to protect the rights of the mentally ill. In Crazy, Dr. Poitier had no access to resources. The inmates were booked into jail without carrying their medical records. He had to prescribe medication based largely on what the inmates told him. Plus, he had to follow the Miami-Dade County Public Health Trust’s instruction to prescribe Risperdal first whenever possible rather than Zyprexa, which was much more expensive. He had no freedom to do his job even though he received sufficient psychiatric training, while those people at the health trust were only thinking about the â€Å"so-called† economic benefits. Civil right laws such as Baker Act prevented the doctors from forcing inmates to take medication unless they posed an imminent danger or a threat. Dr. Poitier was very disappointed by the Act. He stated that: â€Å"A person who is a chronic schizophrenic doesn’t have the full control over his thoughts. He can’t make rational decision. If you release him untreated back into the community, you aren’t protecting his civil rights. You’re condemning him to stay sick and a horrible life of suffering on the streets. † The Baker Act was particularly complex when viewing it at different angles. For psychiatrists like Dr. Poitier, it hindered them from treating the inmates. They believed that the inmates were not mentally healthy enough to make ecisions about whether or not they wanted to to treated. On the contrary, public defenders and civil rights attorney felt that they had to protect the constitutional rights of the mentally ill. But what if what the mentally ill chose to do went against the wish of their loved ones, and negatively affected community. â€Å"Acting crazy is not a choice†. The men tally ill didn’t choose to be crazy. I couldn’t help but wonder what exactly these attorneys were trying to protect here. Were they trying to say protect a choice that no one wished to make? But after all, I did not experience a mental illness, which would invalidate any opinions I would have about how a mentally ill person would feel or react. In the end, there was a price to everything. One could not expect to do a thing without having to face a trade-off. The decisions should be made in a way that benefited most people as it possibly could. Even though I was fully aware that the psychiatrists in the prisons were doing their best to help the inmates, I believed it was better if they understood the job that they were doing involved more parties than them and the inmates. In Crazy, Dr. Poitier pointed out that: â€Å"My first concern is restoring this man’s mental health. But that is not the first concern of the lawyers, or of the judge who will be making this decision. This should be a medical matter, not a legal issue†. I didn’t think that was just a medical issue. Doctors alone would not be able to help the mentally ill without the support of other forces. Where would they find the resources such as medication, facilities, accommodation to assist the patients without the regulation or policy that allowed them to do so? It was never one man’s business. It took the cooperation of a whole system in order to effectively help the mentally ill who also happened to commit crime. Despite innumerable difficulties and controversies involved in their jobs, the doctors and nurses were getting paid much less than the medical staff in mainstream hospitals. For example, the nurses on the ninth floor earned an average of $2,000 per year less then their counterparts in Miami hospitals. Part of the reason was because they were recent immigrants who had received their formal qualifications in a country other than the US. Working in the section for the mentally ill in a prison was certainly not their first choice nor their second nor their third. It could be the only option that they had. However, they did not complain about their jobs. They did not go on strike. They did not sue the states for providing such little support. Instead, they were doing as much as they possible could to help the inmates. Dr. Poitier addressed inmates as â€Å"Mr. † to show them respect. He asked very common questions that a doctor usually asked a patient: â€Å"How are you feeling today? He was treating the inmates as patients who needed help, and did not care whether they were also criminals or not. For him, they were just very ill people who needed medical help. He once said: â€Å"Most mentally ill inmates do stupid things, not bad things†. Dr. Poitier believed that the inmates on the ninth floor needed help that they would not get there. I wonder if he ever felt hopeless when he knew these people needed help, and he could give help, but those two things certainly would not happen in the prison. The inmates were unable to understand that Dr. Poitier was trying to help them because of their dysfunction. Dr. Poitier was fully aware that he would not be able to do much to help the inmates because of messiness of the system and the daily conflicts between doctors and prison officers. They were stuck in a place where no one was better off. The question that baffled me the most was why they decided to stay at their jobs. There must have been something great and meaningful that made them almost irrationally continue their work. In Crazy, Dr. Poitier answered this question for me: â€Å"The inmates who end up here have been given up on. But some can and do get better. And that’s the driving force that keeps me coming to work each day – knowing I can make a difference. Knowing I do make a difference. Besides, if I didn’t do this, who would? † No matter how much trouble and confusion the job has brought, Dr. Poitier and the psychiatrists in general have managed to put their work ethics on top of everything else. Thanks to them, the mentally ill inmates get the support that keeps them through the days. Otherwise, the prison could actually become the hell hole on earth. It takes a lot of efforts in order to do good in any jobs. But for the psychiatrists in prisons across the United States, they have to go to extra lengths in order to help the mentally ill inmates. However, their efforts alone are never enough, every other force involved in the system has to do their best as well. In addition, it is importance that they all try to come to understand each other’s job and the reason behind it so that they can make the whole system work for the inmates instead of the current climate when the mentally ill are stuck in the revolving doors of the jails and the hospitals. How to cite Reaction Paper on Crazy by, Essay examples

Waensila V Minister For Immigration And Border Protection Free Sample

Question: Discuss the Report for Waensila v Minister for Immigration and Border Protection. Answer: Introduction The Department of Immigration and Border Protection or DBIP guidelines required that the applicant who is applying for subclass 820 visa for his/her partner who is an unlawful resident of the country to fulfil the criteria of at the time of lodgement of the application. This means that some the decision of visa was dependent on some compelling circumstances and if those circumstances were not met then the visa was refused. This schedule 3 policy and waivers have changed due to this case. Practical Implications Of The Case Before discussing the practical implication of the case it is essential to discuss the case. In this case the applicant is a Thailand citizen who came to Australia with a visitor visa in November of 2007. Later he applied for a protection visa and he lost the case in High count in October 2009. After almost one year in September 2010 he applied for a partner visa while he was still in Australia. But, the court ruled against the visa application as it did not fulfil the criteria of Schedule 3. The criteria was that he needed to apply for the partner visa within 28 days of holding a substantive visa and that 28 days period was over two years earlier in 2008. He showed many circumstances that would satisfy the criteria of being a compelling circumstance. This included matters stated below. He was afraid of persecution if he had to go to Thailand as he was Muslim. He feared he would not be able to meet his wife later if he went to Thailand. He also gave issues such as number of health concerns of his wife, the impact the separation will have on his relationship with his wife. He feared about the financial condition of his wife as she did not have a job and she was financially dependent on him. Even after giving all these circumstances he was denied the visa application at the time due the Schedule 3 clause. The Waensila case has potential ground breaking implications in case of immigration law. Before this case the law was the primary applicant has to be a holder of substantive visa at the time of lodging of the application[1]. In case this criterion was not met then the Schedule 3 came into effect which states that the applicant has to hold a substantive visa while applying for a substantive visa. This was only waived in case there was a compelling issue. What practically happened was the court and the tribunal considered any issues of application lodgement that came into effect at the time of review was a situation which was after the time of the lodgement of the application. So, naturally visas were not permitted through this way[2]. On 11st March, 2016 DIBP has updated the regulation regarding the time of the compelling circumstances that might have arisen. The change was that the circumstances can arise at any point of time till the date of the decision(T M, 2014). As an immediate impact of this decision some cases regarding this has gone to the applicants. One example of this is the James Tan Immigration Consultants succeeded in a case on 5th April. James Tan client did not fulfil the previous criteria for getting a visa but after the Waensila verdict it was recommended by the count that he has met all the criteria for subclass visa[3]. The decision of the court now makes it possible for the applicants to rely on circumstances which might have occurred after the application was made. That means that the number of circumstances that can be taken into account has now increased greatly. This is bound to help the applicants as they will get more options regarding proving that their circumstances are indeed compelling[4]. The change in the law also helps applicants who want to stay in Australia with their partners and families during the period when their applications are assessed by the court. That means the immigrants who have partners in Australia can easily stay in the country for a longer period of time with their families than they were able to stay before the case. One confusing this that happened on the day the Waensila verdict was made that while the full court made the decision in favour of the applicant by stating that the tribunal had made a mistake by not taking into account circumstances that have occurred after the application, on the very same day Federal Circuit court judged that the tribunal had made a mistake by taking into account circumstances that have occurred after the date of application. This happened in the case of Kaur versus the minister[5]. In the Kaur case the applicant won the decision by stating that the court has ruled against her despite the circumstances occurring after the date of application. The cases are opposite to each other and the courts practically ruled two opposite verdicts. But as the Waensila case verdict was made in the full court so that decision will have more impact in the future and it is likely if the Federal Circuit court knew about the full court decision then it would have given the verdict as per the full court[6]. While this decision has positive implications for candidates who had genuine issues regard the stringent visa laws, it has some negative implications on another front. Visa is a very important aspect of the immigration laws and a stringent law regarding this means that while some people may suffer due to this but it ensured that getting Australian visa was not easy for unlawful parties. After the change in the law, an unlawful person who has relationship with an Australian citizen can easily regularize their visa status. Before Waensila the only way they could have gotten the visa was by proving in the court about compelling reason. Now all that has changed and this could lead to some negative impact in the future. The effect of this decision by the full court is not limited to the Waensila case or the cases that might arise later on. This also greatly affects cases which have been ruled against the applicants on the ground of the time when the circumstances have arisen. Those cases will have to consider on the basis of their merit of the circumstances but it is highly likely that applicants whom did not get visa previously have a greater chance of succeeding now. So, now the court is liable to review cases which have elapsed the 35 day review period mandated by the immigration law[7]. Principles Of Statutory Interpretations There are primarily three principles or rules of statutory interpretation. They are- Literal interpretation or plain meaning rule, Golden rule which is also known as the British rule and the last one is Mischief rule[8]. In case of the plain meaning rule the statutes are interrelated by using ordinary language of the statutes. So, the statutes are read word by word and the ordinary meaning of that is taken unless the meaning comes out to be absurd or cruel. In case of Golden rule the judge interprets statutory in a more in depth way rather than just taking the literal meaning[9]. This is done in order to avoid absurd result by taking plain meaning of the statutory. The third one is Mischief rule, in this rule the court takes into account more than literal meaning and in depth meaning. The court considers which parts of the law are defective and it acts accordingly. It basically determines the defect or mischief in the statutory that is leading to some scenarios which are not properly covered by the law[10]. In the Waensila case the principle that is most applicable is the principle of Mischief rule. The law regarding immigration and visa approval was different before this case. The applicants had to apply for the visa and circumstances that have occurred after the date of application were not considered. This led to many disputes and people had to face genuine difficulties due to this law. On the other hand this law ensured that very few immigrants got visa which in turn meant that immigration situation was more controlled in Australia than many other countries. The court in this case applied the Mischief rule in giving the judgement of this case. The chief justices decided that the date of application in these types of cases cause dire consequences for the applicants and their families living in Australia. So, they interpreted what the law was not covering and they rectified it by stating that the date of application constraint will be revoked. Bibliography Boulus, P, Policy Agendas and Immigration in Australia 1996-2012. [2013]the borders of punishment Brennan, F, 'Human Rights and the National Interest: The Case Study of Asylum, Migration, and National Border Protection' [2016] HeinOnline Nethery, A; Rafferty-Brown, B, 'Exporting detention: Australia-funded immigration detention in Indonesia' [2013] Journal of Refugee Studies Faunce, T; McKenna, M, 'REGULATION OF AUSTRALIAN MEDICAL PROFESSIONALS AND NATIONAL SECURITY: LESSONS FROM THREE CASE STUDIES' [2014] NCBI Nethery; Holman, 'Secrecy and human rights abuse in Australia's offshore immigration detention centres' [2016] The International Journal of Human Rights Mares, S; Zwi, K, 'Sadness and fear: The experiences of children and families in remote Australian immigration detention' [2015] Journal of paediatrics and child health Gluck, 'What 30 Years of Chevron Teach Us About the Rest of Statutory Interpretation' [2014] Columbia Law Review Nourse, V, 'A Decision Theory of Statutory Interpretation: Legislative History by the Rules' [2012] Yale Law Journal Shobe, J, 'Intertemporal Statutory Interpretation and the Evolution of Legislative Drafting' [2014] Columbia Law Review Menjvar, C, 'Immigration law beyond borders: Externalizing and internalizing border controls in an era of securitization' [2014] Annual Review of Law and Social Science Posner, EA, 'The Institutional Structure of Immigration Law' [2013] The University of Chicago Law Review [1] See Brennan, human rights and the national interst [2] See 'Secrecy and human rights abuse in Australia's offshore immigration detention centres' [3] (Nethery Holman, 2016). [4] See the reference of(Mares Zwi, 2015) [5] Check Immigration law beyond borders: Externalizing and internalizing border controls in an era of securitization' [6] check (Boulus Dowding, 2013) [7] The reference of Posner. [8] Check statuary interpretation [9] Please check the reference of Nourse, 2012. [10] Check 'Intertemporal Statutory Interpretation and the Evolution of Legislative Drafting'